Comparison Fluke T150 vs UNI-T UT15C

— Voltmeter. Electrical voltage is measured in volts; accordingly, devices of this type are designed primarily to measure voltage, and most often - only for this and nothing more. However, in addition to voltage, in practice one often has to deal with many other parameters, and modern technologies make it possible to create compact, functional and at the same time inexpensive universal devices. Therefore, voltmeters in their pure form are found and used relatively rarely, and most users dealing with electrical engineering prefer to use multimeters (see below).

— Multimeter. Devices of this type are also colloquially called "testers". A multimeter is a multi-purpose measuring instrument that combines the functions of at least a voltmeter, ammeter and ohmmeter - that is, it can measure voltage, power and resistance. In addition, other functions may be provided - for example, measuring capacitance, inductance, temperature (see “Functions”). For measurements, as a rule, a pair of probes is used. Due to their versatility combined with a relatively low cost, multimeters are the most popular type of measuring instruments; they can be used both for simple tasks such as checking radio components or household networks, and for working with complex circuits.

— Current clamps. Initially, such clamps are specific devices that allow you to measure power strength in...a non-contact manner, without touching the wires or interfering with the operation of the circuit. They operate as follows: the clamps cover the wire and, due to the characteristics of the magnetic field around it, measure the power strength. Both AC and DC power can be measured this way (though specific capabilities will, of course, vary by model). In addition to measurements without breaking the circuit, the advantage of clamps is the ability to work with high currents and voltages - hundreds of amperes in networks of hundreds of volts; Moreover, the measurements themselves are safer than with the usual contact method. On the other hand, the measurement accuracy is relatively low - usually no higher than class 2.5. In addition, the reliability of the result strongly depends on the correct position of the clamps, and with alternating power, also on the uniformity of the sinusoid (however, in advanced models special circuits may be provided to compensate for this dependence). In addition, non-contact measurement is not always practically applicable. Current clamp meters can be made in the form of a specialized device, but most often devices of this type are made in the form of multimeters, supplemented with a magnetic circuit for non-contact measurements and also capable of working using the usual contact method.

- Oscilloscope. Oscilloscopes are instruments designed to observe, measure and record electrical signal parameters. A distinctive feature of a classic oscilloscope is the screen on which the device builds a graph of the signal supplied to the input. Simultaneous operation with several signals can be supported (for more details, see “Number of channels”). However, some models do not have their own screen and are connected to a computer for measurements (see “USB oscilloscope”). Many signal parameters can be determined from its graph - this graph is usually supplemented by a coordinate scale that clearly illustrates frequency, amplitude, etc.; however, the oscilloscope can also display some parameters, such as phase angle, as specific numerical data. Modern oscilloscopes are capable of operating with frequencies up to gigahertz inclusive and most often use digital circuits (see “Type”), which makes them superior in accuracy to classic analog instruments.

- Skopmeter. Universal devices that combine both a multimeter and an oscilloscope in one housing. Both of these types are described in more detail above; Let us note here that such a combination provides very extensive functionality, however, scope meters are not cheap, and their measurement accuracy is lower than that of specialized multimeters and/or oscilloscopes.

— Insulation tester (megaohmmeter). Instruments that can be used to check the quality of insulation. For such a test, it is enough to determine the electrical resistance of the insulation - however, it can be very high, millions of ohms or even more. In light of this, the traditional measurement method - applying a low voltage to the material, determining the strength of the resulting power and calculating the resistance - is not suitable for insulation; special procedures are needed. Devices that provide such capabilities are called megohmmeters. They can support different insulation testing techniques; These methods are described in detail in special sources, and the features of specific devices are described in the manufacturer’s documentation. We only note that modern devices from this category are rarely made in the form of highly specialized devices - most often these are the same universal multimeters, supplemented with an insulation testing mode.

— Voltage tester. Portable pen-shaped testers for safely measuring voltage in an outlet or indicating the presence of power in wiring. The latter detect voltage in a non-contact manner, i.e. without having to touch the object. With their help, you can check the functionality of the outlet, detect the break point of the laid wiring or the point where the wire is broken. The voltage is determined by the tester at a distance of several centimeters, thereby preventing electric shock and other unpleasant consequences. Voltage meters usually operate on two “little finger” batteries (AAA type).

The parameters that the device can measure.

— Tension. Voltage (potential difference between two points in a circuit), measured in volts. One of the basic electrical parameters, supported by all types of devices, except for oscilloscopes (see "Device"). Parallel connection is used for measurement. In analogue instruments (see "Type") voltage measurement can be carried out without power.

— Current. The strength of the current flowing through a certain section of the circuit; measured in amperes. There are two ways to measure current strength: traditional and non-contact. The first one is available in almost all devices with the ammeter function, for this it is necessary to open the circuit and connect the device to the gap in series (moreover, with the analogue principle of operation, the ammeter does not require power). The second method is used in current clamps (see "Device"). In most cases, the models are able to measure direct and alternating current.

— Impedance. Impedance of a certain element to direct electric current; measured in ohms. Note that in this case we are talking about traditional measurements that are not associated with ultra-high resistances characteristic of insulation (in insulation, this parameter is checked using a separate method, see more about it below...). Impedance measurements are carried out as follows: a certain voltage (low, within a few volts) is applied to the probes of the device, after which they are applied to the place of measurement — and the impedance of the tested section of the circuit or other object is calculated from the strength of the current flowing through the formed circuit. Thus, to operate in ohmmeter mode, a power source is required — even for an analogue instrument.

— Capacity. The capacitance of a capacitor is measured in farads (usually microfarads and other derived units). The measurement itself is carried out by supplying an alternating current to the capacitor. This function can be useful both for clarifying the capacitance of unmarked capacitors (initially unmarked or with erased inscriptions), and for checking the quality of signed parts. On capacitors, in addition to the nominal capacity, the maximum deviation from the nominal value may be indicated; if the measurement results are outside the tolerance limits, then it is better not to use the part. If the deviation is not indicated, then it can be assumed that it should be less than 10% of the nominal value. For example, for a 0.5 uF part, the range of allowable capacitances will be 0.45 – 0.55 uF.

— Temperature. Temperature measurement — usually, using an external remote sensor, usually on a probe. In electrical engineering, this function is used to control the operation of parts that are sensitive to overheating or that must operate in a certain temperature regime.

— Frequency. The ability to measure the frequency of an electrical signal is primarily characteristic of oscilloscopes and scopometers, but it can also be found in other types of devices — the same multimeters (see "Device"). This, usually, implies the ability to display specific numbers corresponding to the frequency in hertz.

— Duty cycle. Duty cycle is one of the basic characteristics of a uniform pulse signal, namely the ratio of its repetition period to the duration of a single pulse. For example, if each 2 ms pulse is followed by a 6 ms pause, then the signal repetition period will be T = 6 + 2 = 8 ms, and the duty cycle will be S = 8/2 = 4. Do not confuse the duty cycle with the duty cycle: although these characteristics describe the same property of the signal, they do it in different ways. The duty cycle is the reciprocal of the duty cycle, the ratio of the pulse length to the repetition period (in our example, it will be equal to 2/8 = 25%). This term is found mainly in English and translated sources, while in east european electrical engineering the term "duty cycle" is adopted.

— Inductance. Inductance is the main operating parameter of any inductor. The ability to measure this parameter is important in light of the fact that specialists and radio amateurs often make coils on their own, and it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to determine the characteristics of a part without a special device. The principle of measuring inductance is similar to determining the capacitance of a capacitor (see above) — passing an alternating current through the coil and tracking its "response". However, this function is much less common than capacitance measurement.

— Insulation impedance. Insulation impedance of electrical wires to alternating current. Insulation, by definition, has an extremely high impedance, so the traditional way of measuring impedance (at low operating voltage, see above) is not applicable here — the currents would be too weak and it would be impossible to measure them accurately. Therefore, to check insulating materials and other dielectrics, not ohmmeters are used, but special devices — megaohmmeters (or multimeters that support this mode). A distinctive feature of the megohmmeter is a high operating voltage — hundreds or even thousands of volts. For example, to test insulation with an operating voltage of 500 V, the same megger voltage is required, for a 3000 V material, a 1000 V device, etc., the requirements for different types of insulation are described in more detail in special sources. To achieve this voltage, an external high-voltage module may be required, however, many multimeters that support this type of measurement are also capable of independently generating short-term high-voltage pulses from low-voltage power supplies such as AA batteries or PP3 (see "Battery type"). Note that when working with a megohmmeter, you must carefully follow the safety rules — due to the high operating voltage.

— Power. The power of the electric current is determined by two basic parameters — current strength and voltage; roughly speaking, volts must be multiplied by amps, the result obtained will be the power in watts. Thus, theoretically, this parameter can be determined without a special function for measuring power — it is enough to determine the voltage and current strength. However, some measuring instruments have a special mode that allows you to immediately measure both basic parameters and automatically calculate the power based on them — this is more convenient and faster than doing calculations separately. Many of these devices belong to current clamps (see "Device") and the measurement of the current strength when determining the power is carried out in a non-contact way, and the voltage is measured by the classic contact method. There are other design options — for example, an adapter for a socket: an electrical appliance is connected to a socket through such an adapter, and a multimeter takes current and voltage data from the adapter. We also recall that the active (useful) power of the alternating current is not always equal to the full one — with a capacitive and/or inductive load, part of the power (reactive power) is “consumed” by capacitors / coils. You can read more about these parameters in special sources, but here we note that different models of multimeters may have different capabilities for measuring different types of power; These points do not hurt to clarify before buying in advance.

— Phase angle. Measurement of the degree of shift of two electrical signals (or signal parameters) in phase. Specific types and features of such measurements are different, the most popular are two options. The first is to measure the difference between the phases of a three-phase power supply, primarily to assess its overall quality. The second is an assessment of the phase shift between current and voltage that occurs with a reactive (capacitive or inductive) load on an alternating current source; the ratio between active and apparent power (power factor, "cosine phi") directly depends on such a shift.

— Rotation frequency. In this case, most often we are talking about the possibility of measuring the speed of the internal combustion engine. Accordingly, such models usually refer to specialized automotive multimeters. They are designed mainly for diagnostics and testing of engines that do not have electronic ignition systems. To measure, usually, you need to set the multimeter to the number of engine cylinders and connect it to the ignition system (the specific connection method must be specified in the documentation for the car).

Note that this list does not list all, but only the most popular measurements found in modern multimeters and other devices of a similar purpose. In addition to them, the design may provide more specific features — see "Other Dimensions" for more details.

The upper limit of the lower sub-range in which the device can measure DC voltage (see "Type of voltage").

The operating ranges of modern multimeters and other measuring instruments are usually divided into subranges. This is done for accuracy and convenience when measuring: for example, to assess the quality of AA batteries, you can set the subrange “up to 3 V” — this will give an accuracy of up to tenths, or even hundredths of a volt, unattainable when measuring with a higher threshold. The minimum constant voltage describes exactly the lower subrange, designed to measure the smallest voltage values: for example, if 2000 mV is indicated in this paragraph, this means that the lower subrange covers values \u200b\u200bup to 2000 mV (i.e. up to 2 V).

It is worth choosing according to this indicator taking into account the specifics of the planned application: for example, a device with low rates can be useful for delicate work, such as repairing computers or mobile phones, but for servicing the on-board electrical network of a car, especially high voltage sensitivity is not required.

Measurement accuracy provided by the instrument.

Measurement accuracy for multimeters is usually indicated by the smallest error (in percent) that the device is able to provide when measuring direct current. The smaller the number in this paragraph, the higher the accuracy, respectively. At the same time, we emphasize that it is the smallest error (the highest accuracy) that is usually achieved only in a certain measurement range; in other ranges, the accuracy may be lower. For example, if in the range "1 — 10 V" the device gives a maximum deviation of 0.5%, and in the range "10 — 50 V" — 1%, then 0.5% will be indicated in the characteristics. Nevertheless, according to this indicator, it is quite possible to evaluate and compare modern multimeters. So, a device with a lower claimed error, usually, and in general will be more accurate than a model with a similar performance with a larger error.

Data on measurement accuracy in other ranges and modes can be given in the detailed characteristics of the device. However, in fact, this information is required not so often — only for certain specific tasks, where it is fundamentally necessary to know the possible error.

The upper limit of the lower sub-range in which the device can measure AC voltage (see "Type of voltage").

The operating ranges of modern multimeters and other measuring instruments are usually divided into subranges. This is done for accuracy and convenience in measurements: for example, to test a transformer that should output 6 V, it makes sense to set a subrange with an upper threshold of 10 V. This will ensure accuracy up to tenths of a volt, unattainable when measuring with a higher threshold. The minimum constant voltage describes exactly the lower subrange, designed to measure the smallest voltage values: for example, if 2000 mV is indicated in this paragraph, this means that the lower subrange covers values \u200b\u200bup to 2000 mV (i.e. up to 2 V).

If the device is purchased for measurements in stationary networks — household at 230 V or industrial at 400 V — you can ignore this parameter: usually, the minimum subranges are not used. But to work with power supplies, step-down transformers and various “thin” electronics served by low voltage alternating current, it makes sense to choose a model with a lower minimum voltage. This is connected not only with the measurement range: a low threshold, usually, indicates a good measurement accuracy at low voltages in general.

The highest number that the DMM display can display (see "Type").

This indicator determines the range in which measurements can be taken without changing the settings. So, if the maximum number is 1999, then the measurement can be made in the range from 0 to 1999 of the selected units of measure — for example, from 0 to 1999 V if volts are selected, from 9 to 1999 mA (1.999 A) if milliamps are selected, etc. At the same time, 1999 and less for modern measuring instruments are considered a rather modest indicator, from 2000 to 3999 — average, 4000 – 9999 — not bad, and in the most advanced models this number exceeds 10000.

Note that the maximum displayed number is directly related to the display capacity — see below.

The digit capacity of the display installed in the digital instrument (see "Type").

Bit depth is the number of characters that can be displayed on the screen at the same time. The maximum displayed number directly depends on it (see above): for example, if the digit capacity is 4, then the device has a display for 4 full digits and is able to display a number up to 9999 inclusive. However, there are also more specific markings — with a fraction, for example, 3 1/2 or 4 3/4. This means that the largest (left) digit in this model is incomplete and the maximum digit that it can display is less than 9. Specifically, such marking is deciphered as follows: an integer means the number of full digits, the numerator of a fraction is the maximum number displayed in an incomplete digit, the denominator is the total number of values supported by an incomplete digit. Considering the above examples, 3 1/2 means a four-digit display with the maximum number in 1999: three full digits with a maximum value of 9, plus one partial digit with a maximum value of 1 and two options (1 and 0). Similarly, 4 3/4 corresponds to the maximum number 39999, with 4 options for values in the partial digit (0, 1, 2, 3).

- Checking the transistor. The ability to use the device to test transistors, more precisely, the presence of an appropriate mode in the design of the device. Technically, the performance of a transistor can be checked to a certain extent with an ordinary ohmmeter, for this there is an appropriate technique. Nevertheless, it is much easier to use a special mode - just connect the transistor to the multimeter in an appropriate way, and the device will automatically give data on the health or malfunction of the part (and sometimes additional characteristics for it). Most often, for such measurements, there is a special block on the case with a set of sockets for transistor outputs (with separate sets of sockets for pnp and npn types).

- Checking the diode. The presence of a special diode test mode in the design of the multimeter. The principle of a diode is to allow electric power to flow in only one direction; therefore, the serviceability of such a part itself can be determined without a special mode, for example, in the mode of a conventional ohmmeter, “continuity” of the circuit (see below), or in some other ways. However, special mode is often more convenient - both due to the simplicity of the procedure itself, and due to the fact that many devices in this mode are also able to measure the forward voltage drop across the diode (the lowest voltage required to pass power in the forward direction...).

— "Continuity" of the chain. Possibility of operation of the device in the "continuity" mode of the circuit - checking the presence of contact between two selected points. This mode differs from the usual check with an ohmmeter in that the presence of a contact is accompanied by an audible signal (hence the name). Such a signal saves the user from having to look at the scale of the device every time to clarify the presence or absence of contact, and this greatly speeds up the work and can be very useful if you need to “ring out” many sections at once.

- Meander generator. Ability to operate the device in the meander generation mode - a signal with a rectangular pulse shape and a duty cycle (see above) at level 2. The graph of such a signal looks like a set of rectangular peaks and dips of the same length. Meander is a regular signal format for modern digital technology; a signal of this type, generated by a multimeter, is used to test microcircuits, logic elements, amplifiers and other similar elements and circuits (for performance, signal flow, etc.).

— Non-contact detection (NCV). Ability to detect live parts without direct contact with them. This method of detection is as safe as possible, besides, it allows you to find elements hidden from the eye: for example, using a device with this function, you can detect wiring in walls and determine places where you can drill without fear of damaging the wire.

— True RMS. Ability to measure with the True RMS device - the true RMS value of the strength of the alternating power (see "Type of power"). The strength of the alternating power is determined not by the actual value (it will be different at each moment of time), and not by the maximum amplitude (after all, the maximum values also occur only at certain points in time), but by the root mean square. At the same time, in devices that do not support True RMS, this value is displayed as follows: the alternating power is rectified, its value is determined and multiplied by a factor of 1.1 (this is due to the mathematical features of the measurements). However, this method is only suitable for an ideal sinusoid; with a distorted signal, it gives a noticeable, and often even unacceptably high error. Distortions are found in almost any AC network, which can lead to serious measurement errors and subsequent problems (for example, to the selection of too “weak” automatic fuse). True RMS technology takes into account all these features: devices bearing this marking are able to accurately measure AC RMS power, regardless of how its shape corresponds to a perfect sine wave.

- Auto-selection of the measuring range. A function that allows the device to automatically select the optimal measurement range - so that the result is displayed on the screen as accurately as possible. This function is found only in digital instruments (see "Type"). Note that when using it, the user will still have to set certain basic settings - for example, “direct power, power, milliamps” or “alternating power, voltage, volts”. However, the device will perform a more precise setting itself: for example, to measure voltage in hundreds of volts, the range 0 - 1000 V can be used with an accuracy of 5 V, and when a 1.5 V battery is connected, the device will automatically switch to the range 0 - 12 V and display the result is already accurate to tenths of a volt. At the same time, the design may also provide for a completely manual measurement mode, with a range selection at the request of the user, however, the presence of such a mode will not hurt to clarify separately.

- Auto power off. The function of automatically switching off the Meter after a period of inactivity helps to conserve the charge of the used batteries.

The presence of a backlight in the display of the device.

This function allows you to read the display regardless of lighting conditions — at dusk and even in total darkness. If there is not enough external light, just turn on the backlight, and the readings will be perfectly visible.