Muzzle energy
The muzzle energy provided by the rifle.
Muzzle energy is the kinetic energy of the bullet at the exit from the barrel. This energy, in turn, depends on two factors: the mass and the muzzle velocity of the bullet. Thus, this indicator directly describes the overall power of the rifle: higher muzzle energy allows you to effectively fire at longer distances and/or heavier ammunition. On the other hand, an increase in power accordingly affects the cost of weapons.
Note that muzzle energy can be grounds for legal restrictions on the purchase/use of pneumatics. So, in some countries in the post-Soviet space, the maximum value allowed for freely sold rifles is
7.5 J — a special permit will be required to purchase more powerful weapons. And most freely sold rifles in such regions have a power of the
order of 3 – 5 J. Such legal restrictions should be clarified separately. Lower rates are found mainly among “soft” pneumatics for airsoft (airsoft), using 6 mm plastic balls. For such models, a value of more than 2 J is already considered very solid, and in games such rifles are used with a minimum distance limit — for example, 15 m or 20 m (so that a shot from too close a distance does not injure the player).
It is also worth saying that the claimed characteristics of air rifles may, at first glance, not correspond to physical calculations. For example, for a model for the same 7.5 J
..., the initial speed of 250 m/s can be claimed in the characteristics; for a 4.5 mm bullet weighing 0.5 g (the average, most popular weight), this would correspond to an energy of as much as 15.6 J. However, there are no inconsistencies here: such characteristics mean that the muzzle velocity was measured for a lighter bullet (for example, 0 .2 g), which accelerates more strongly at the outlet of the barrel. Accordingly, with heavier ammunition, the speed will be lower; it can be determined using special formulas or online calculators.Fuse
The type of safety provided in the design of the rifle.
Recall that the fuse is a device that prevents an unwanted shot. In air rifles, such a device can be
automatic or manual, and in some models it is absent altogether. Here are the features of each option:
— Manual. Fuse, switched on and off exclusively manually, at the will of the shooter. The most common variety — such mechanisms are as simple and inexpensive as possible. They are somewhat less safe than automatic ones (see below) and require more careful attention; however, it is not difficult to develop the skill to properly handle the manual safety. And in multi-shot models, the advantage of manual safety over automatic is that there is no need to make unnecessary actions between shots.
— Automatic. A fuse that, at a certain moment, works automatically, without additional actions on the part of the shooter. Most often, such systems operate in this way: the weapon automatically becomes on the safety lock after the trigger is cocked, and in order to make a shot, you must first turn off the safety lock manually. This provides more safety than in the manual systems described above: if the shooter forgets about the fuse, the shot will not happen anyway. Particularly popular are automatic safety locks in cocked rifles due to a broken barrel (see "Cocking System"): such a mechanism does not allow you to pull the trigger until the shooter has completed relo
...ading. But in other types of pneumatics, this option is rare.
In addition, this category may include systems that are not fuses in the original sense of the word — for example, a mechanism that prevents the bullet from feeding into the chamber of a PCP rifle (see “Type”) if there is already a charge there.
— Is absent. No separate fuse. A similar design is found in two varieties of air rifles. The first is low-cost models with a spring principle of operation (including those with a gas spring; see "Type"). In such models, the fuse is abandoned solely to simplify and reduce the cost of construction; it is worth buying such a rifle only if the future owner knows the safety rules when handling weapons.
The second type of pneumatics without fuses are high-end PCP rifles designed for professional shooters. Similarly, the role of the "fuse" when using such weapons is played exclusively by the skills and experience of the user himself.Barrel length
The working length of the rifle barrel is from the chamber where the bullet is loaded to the muzzle. The shortest barrels found nowadays have a length
of just over 200 mm(and in some AEGs even
less than this value); the longest reach
500 – 600 mm.
There is a stereotype that the muzzle velocity directly depends on the length of the barrel. In firearms, this is true — but not in pneumatics. Firstly, in such rifles, the initial velocity depends on a number of other indicators — pressure, the quality of the barrel treatment, the efficiency of the valves, etc. on the first 20 – 25 cm of the barrel, then the gas pressure drops noticeably. The exception is PCP rifles, in which the longer barrel really makes it easier to achieve high speeds. However, again, so many additional factors affect the final result that models with the same barrel length can differ markedly in initial speed.
The second common stereotype is that a longer barrel improves accuracy and accuracy. This is true in the context that a longer barrel allows for a greater distance between the front and rear sights, making it easier to aim carefully. Technical accuracy does not depend on the length, but on the quality of the barrel processing.
Summing up all of the above, we can say that the length of the barrel for an air rifle is more of a reference than a really significant paramete
...r, and when choosing, it is better to focus on more "close to life" characteristics — first of all, directly claimed muzzle velocity.Stock material
—
Tree. A classic material used in firearms and then pneumatic weapons since ancient times (in fact, since its inception). Wooden stocks are strong enough on their own, and in modern rifles they are also amenable to special treatment to protect against dampness, temperature changes, etc .; while the rifles have a nice appearance in a classic style. At the same time, the wood is prone to abrasion, scratches easily appear on it, and there is a possibility of cracks. When used in simple conditions, such as periodic "shooting" in the country, this does not matter, however, for example, a wooden stock is not suitable for hunting — at least because it will quickly lose its "presentation". At the same time, this material is also somewhat more expensive and more difficult to process than plastic that is more resistant to “troubles”. Therefore, today the tree is used mainly in pneumatics of the middle and upper price range and is designed for those who are primarily interested in the aesthetics of weapons.
—
Plastic. One of the most popular materials for the manufacture of modern pneumatics. Such stocks are easy to manufacture and inexpensive, while the plastic can be given a rather complex shape without any problems, which, in particular, facilitates the installation of various adjustment systems (see “Cheek Adjustment”, “Butt / Stock Adjustment”). However, its main advantage is practicality: this materia
...l is resistant to impacts, cracks and scratches, comparable in strength to wood (or even superior) and has a small weight. As a result, plastic has become widespread in almost all price ranges.
— Aluminium. A fairly advanced material that combines low weight and high strength. On the other hand, aluminium stocks for classic pneumatics are generally expensive, and therefore are used mainly in high-end professional models (although there are exceptions). But in airsoft rifles that copy real weapons, the situation is somewhat different: there aluminium can be used as a simpler and more affordable alternative to steel (from which gunshot prototypes are made).
